Twitter Engagement Unmasked: A Study of More than 4M Tweets

What you see before you is the result of analyzing more than 2 million Western language tweets out of over 4 million Tweets we collected. In this paper we will outline the results of analyzing that data to learn and understand what drives behavior on Twitter. One of the main goals: to see what really drives retweets, favorites, and replies. (The remaining non-Western tweets will be the subject of future studies.)
For example, did you know that including images in your tweets could raise the number of retweets you get by 4 times or more? There is much more in the study. Factors we considered included:

1. Inclusion of media (images or video) – we also broke this out by number of pieces of media
2. Character count
3. Inclusion of Hashtags – we also broke this out by number of hashtags
4. Hashtag length
5. Inclusion of Links – we also broke this out by number of links
6. The Domain Authority of the shared link
7. Time of Day
8. Inclusion of Mentions – we also broke this out by number of mentions

In addition, we used Followerwonk to measure the social authority of the person issuing the original tweet to see how that impacted behavior. We broke that out by 10 levels: 1-9, 10-19, … 90-99. It was interesting to note how much the impact of various tactics differed by social authority. This is one of the more important and unique aspects of this study.
In today’s post, I am sharing the results of the Western language based results. The regions of the world included are: North America, South America, and Europe. Tweets in script-based languages, such as Japanese, Hangul, Arabic, Cyrillic, Thai, and others are excluded in today’s post. However, we will be publishing follow-up posts covering each of the 5 above-mentioned languages in the near future. (Update: Our Japanese Twitter study is now published!)
Enough background already! Take Me Directly to the Results or continue to read up on our data and methodology.

Scope of Study Results Published Today

The 4 million tweets pulled included:

1. 1,943,231 Original Tweets in Western Languages
2. 1,164,958 Original Tweets in Script Based Languages
3. The balance of the data was in the form of Retweets and Favorites

The study data presented here focuses on the 1.9 million original tweets in Western languages only. As noted above, we broke this all out by social authority. The splits of accounts by social authority was as shown here:

The total number of original tweets posted by the users in each social authority grouping was as follows:

The following chart containing the social authority levels of people you may know, to help you get a better sense for each of the social authority levels:

The Importance of Statistical Significance (Why We Looked at So Many Tweets)

Why do we need to look at so many tweets? The primary reason this is important is that small amounts of data are going to provide us with inaccurate conclusions (because they are not “statistically significant”).
For illustration purposes, imagine you send out a single tweet, and it gets 1M retweets. Can you then conclude that every tweet gets 1M RTs? Of course not, because the sample size of 1 is not statistically significant. When you evaluate so many different categories of data as we did, you also can’t draw meaningful conclusions based on 100, 1,000, 10,000, or even 100,000 tweets, because some of the smaller categories we evaluate will end up with too little data.
For example, in our 90-99 category, we had a total of 21,856 Retweets from 266 users, and if we had a much smaller sample (say 100,000 in stead of 1.9M, this could reduce our sample set of tweets for the 90-99 range down to around 1,000 total tweets from 12 or so users. Then only some of those will include images, or hashtags, or mentions. We could have ended up with categories we were trying to evaluate with a couple of hundred tweets from 4 or 5 users.
When you look at factors like media vs. social authority level, or time of day vs. authority level, or hashtag lengths, and these types of things, you need to have a lot of data to make sure you can provide accurate conclusions and insight.
This does make the project much more daunting and difficult to do, but having more data does allow us to dig a lot deeper into the way things work.

Chances of Any Engagement vs. Total Engagement

For all of our data we looked at it from two perspectives:

1. Chances of Any Engagement: This concept focuses on analyzing what percentage of tweets get at least one RT or at least one Favorite. That’s useful in understanding how you can create an initial reaction, but it does not measure the depth of that reaction (i.e. how many tweets or favorites you get)

2. Total Engagement: Here we measure the total number of Retweets or the total number of Favorites received. For example, a single tweet might get 27 RTs and 36 Favorites if we build it without an image, and 115 RTs and 188 Favorites if we add an image.

This may still be confusing, so let me illustrate with an example scenario:

We actually did find some differences between behaviors that increase chances of any engagement vs. total engagement, so both are well worth understanding, and we addressed both these dimensions throughout the study. This proved to be particularly important when it came to mentions.

Methodology

All data was pulled via the Twitter API. We pulled tweets directly from the main Twitter feed and kept going until we had a large sample of users. We ended up with 27,143 western language users and 15,317 script based language users. As noted before, today we are publishing the results just for the western language based users, and we will address the script based language users in one or more posts coming soon.
For each user, we pulled up to 100 tweets worth of data from the Twitter API. We also pulled data from a lot of other sources, such as Social Authority from Followerwonk, Domain Authority from Open Site Explorer, and other metrics. For each tweet, we pulled a lot of data, and the following is a small sample of the info we collected:

1. 1. Social authority of the user from followerwonk
   2. Character count of tweet
   3. Content of the tweet
   4. Time and date tweet was created at (from Twitter)
   5. If tweet is a retweet

If tweet is a reply

• Number of times this tweet has been retweeted
• Number of times this tweet has been favorited
• Number of hashtags in tweet and length of each
• Number of users mentioned in tweet
• number of urls in tweet
• url’s and domain authority of each
• number of media attached to tweet
• url for each media item and type of media for first url
• number of symbols ($) in tweet
• ID for each mentioned user’s id and their social authority from followerwonk

 

This information plus additional information we collected was loaded into an SQL database, and the analysis began. What follows are the detailed results:

Detailed Study Results

The following sections lay out the study results in detail. If you prefer, here it is in video format:

In addition, here are other options for seeing the study results:

1. A live broadcast event on December 17, 2014 with Rand Fishkin, Neal Schaffer, and Eric Enge (me!)
2. Twitter Study Infographic

Impact of Social Authority

As you might expect, social authority has a huge impact on your ability to get Retweeted or Favorited. The following chart shows the scope of that impact:

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This is one of the reasons we broke out all of our tests by social authority. The rules of the game are quite different for those that have everyone’s eyes on them already.

The Power of Images

It’s been documented by others that media (images and video) have a big impact on social media engagement. Just how much? How does that vary by social authority? Our first chart shows you how your chances of getting at least one Retweet or Favorite are increased by using media:

Here is a more detailed look at how images drive the chances of getting at least one Retweet, as broken out by Social Authority. (The percentages in the vertical axis are the percentage of tweets that got at least one retweet at that Social Authority level):

Here is a more detailed look at how images drive the chances of getting at least one Favorite, as broken out by Social Authority.(The percentages in the vertical axis are the percentage of tweets that got at least one favorite at that Social Authority level):

 
In lower authority levels, your chances of getting an RT or Favorite more than double. However, it gets even better than that. Let’s look at how including images can increase the total number of retweets you might get. (The vertical axis is the multiplier; that is, it shows how many times more likely a Retweet is to occur when an image is included.)

Here we can see a chart of the gain in total Favorites resulting from including images. (The vertical axis is the multiplier; that is, it shows how many times more likely a favorite is to occur when an image is incl
uded.)

At lower authority levels including an image will get you 5 to 9 times as many Retweets and 4 to 12 times as many favorites than you will if your tweets don’t include an image. Hopefully, you were sitting down when you read that. Note that high authority levels also benefit as well, though for the 90-99 range the gain is relatively modest. For those high authority accounts, people are already hanging on their every word.
If the difference between chances of getting at least one RT (or Favorite) vs. the Total RTs or Favorites is confusing to you, please jump back up above to read the section on Chances of Any Engagement vs. Total Engagement.

The short conclusion: if you are trying to get RTs and Favorites for your tweet, you’d have to be insane to not include an image with it.
Having said that, this does not mean you should include random, crappy images with your tweets. It remains very important to make them relevant, and something that helps evoke an emotional response from the viewer. There is no doubt in my mind that these huge upside numbers result because there are many people out there who are very good at doing that, and their average gain levels are probably even higher.

Engagement on Twitter is about Retweets and Favorites

As you saw in the prior section, Retweets and Favorites are frequent events on Twitter. 36% of all tweets get at least one RT, and 43% of all tweets get at least on Favorite. The story with replies is quite different. Only 0.7% of tweets get a reply.
That means there is a whole lot of broadcasting behavior occuring on Twitter. Engagement is primarily defined by RTs and Favorites.

Certainly, there are lots of people who have regular dialogues on Twitter, but the platform appears to be predominantly a place for sharing news and information. Inclusion of images does appear to have a very real impact on replies as well; it’s just that the numbers are still quite small:

Character Count

Prior studies have shown that character count impacts Retweet rate. We found the same: the longer the tweet, the more likely it is to receive at least one Retweet or Favorite, but the effect levels out after 120 characters.

 

Use of Hashtags

This is also a long held popular belief – that including hashtags impacts your chances of getting RTs or Favorites:

As you can see, hashtags do increase Retweets and Favorites, but at a rate significantly less than images do.
Here is a look at the impact of hashtags on RTs as broken out by Social Authority:

Here is a look at the impact of hashtags on Favorites as broken out by Social Authority:

The statement appears to be generally true, except at very low and very high social authorities, where including a hashtag does not seem to increase your chances of getting at least one RT or Fave at all!

Hashtag Length

Here we looked at the length of hashtags, to see if that made a difference. Our initial look showed no major variance based on hashtag length. (The groups represents the ranges of hashtag character lengths):

As with many of these types of criteria, it is likely that the most important factor is the context and content of your tweet. If you plan to include a hashtag, pick a hashtag that makes the most sense for your tweet.

Including Links in Tweets

Does including one or more links in your tweets impact engagement with your tweet? On an aggregated basis, the data tells us that including a link has a minor impact on your chances of getting Retweets or Favorites for your tweet:

Here is the impact of Links on Retweets broken out by Social Authority:

Here is the impact of Links on Favorites broken out by Social Authority:

However, if you dig deeper and look at how it impacts the total number of RTs a given tweet might receive, the story gets even more interesting:

If your social authority is 50 or higher, or 9 or lower, the total number of tweets and favorites you get appears to go down if you include a link. Probably worth letting that one soak in for a moment! The bottom line here is that whether or not you include a link should not be driven by a desire to get more Retweets or Favorites, but should be dictated by the content needs of your post.

Time of Day

This is one of the most popular myths (hint) about Twitter – that there is a best time of day to tweet. Let’s look at the data at an agreggated level:

This line is almost flat as a pancake. This suggests that time of day has a near-zero impact on your chances of getting at least one Retweet of your tweet.
However, it’s certainly possible that the results might be different if sliced based on different market verticals and the time zone of the person doing the tweeting. That is not something we looked at here, but on an aggregate level, it’s clear that this is not a major factor in Twitter engagement.
In addition, people tend to tweet in their own time zone, and during their normal waking hours. This could explain why our aggregate look at the data shown no indication of a “best time of day” to tweet. Other studies that used different parameters may yield different results.
Keep in mind that our chart shows the chances of being retweeted at any particular time of day. However, the volume of tweets will almost certainly vary with time of day in your own time zone. It is reasonable to expect that there are going to be fewer tweets and fewer people online viewing them in the middle of the night than during the day in your own zone. But our results show that no matter when you tweet, the chances that you will be retweeted are essentially the same.
Twitter is an extremely accessible platform. Our belief is that you don’t need to worry about tweeting at 10 AM in the morning or 5 PM in the afternoon. In general, tweeting during your normal working h
ours will probably be just fine. However, if you are breaking major news, different guidelines might apply (for example, we published this post at 11:30 EST to be during the morning hours of the work day for North America).

Including Mentions

What about mentioning someone (including an @ with their username)? Does that have a positive impact? Let’s look at how mentions increase your chances of at least one Retweet:

For the 1 to 59 authority range, it looks like the impact is positive, in terms of getting at least one RT or Favorite for your post. The story chances for higher authority users, where the impact becomes more or less a wash. Let’s take a look at how Mentions increase the total number of Retweets you might get:

Here the conclusion is different. While our first chart showed that your chances of getting at least one RT go up, our second chart shows us that the total number of Retweets any particular tweet will get will likely go down.
Why would this be the case? Chances are that it’s likely that you will draw a reaction from someone that you mention in your tweet. However, since that feels more like a targeted conversation, it may be that fewer other people would want to participate in it. Intuitively, this makes sense.

Takeways

It’s important to remember that this study looked at tweets in a highly aggregated manner. The specific content and context of your tweet is a vital factor to consider in developing your tweet.
Whether you mention someone, include a link, include a hashtag, or when you post it, should largely be guided by the intended content and context.
However, if you want to get real engagement with your tweet, you absolutely should include images. Character length seems to be worth paying attention to as well.
The art of a great tweet can benefit from what we have revealed here today, but it should not be a sole determining factor. Whether or not you include hashtags, mentions, links, or post at a specific time of day – that should be determined by the needs of your content. What image you include, should also be determined by the needs of the content as well.
Remember too, you can’t just throw any image in your tweet. You need to think carefully about what you do, and ideally create an image that is highly relevant, and that can evoke a reaction from people that see your tweet.
Tweet on my friends!

More Resources

As a reminder, here are other options for seeing the study results:

1. A live broadcast event on December 17, 2014 with Rand Fishkin, Neal Schaffer, and Eric Enge (me!)
2. Twitter Study Infographic
3. Youtube Video

Here are past studies we have done related to social media:

1. Google Plus and SEO
2. Facebok and SEO
3. How Are People Using Facebook?
4. How Does Google Index Tweets?

NEW! Twitter algorithmic timeline change: How will it affect Twitter use?
If you are interested in speaking with someone at Perficient Digital about help with content marketing, social media consulting (including how to get more engagement on social media platforms), or SEO, please contact Us Here. You can also use that email address to request addition to our mailing list. People on the mailing list get proactive notification of our studies (yes, there are a LOT more coming!).